According
to the study ‘DYSMENORRHEA GLOBAL
CLINICAL TRIALS REVIEW, H1, 2018’,
menstrual issues are widespread among girls and this affects their daily
physical and emotional wellbeing.Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain with
menstruation. There are two types of dysmenorrhea primary and secondary with
primary dysmenorrhea being common menstrual cramps that are recurrent in nature
and are not caused by other diseases but lead to pain in lower abdomen, back or
thighs. Secondary dysmenorrhea is long lasting pain that is caused by a
disorder in the woman’s reproductive organs, such as endometriosis,
adenomyosis, uterine fibroids or infection.
The
medical fraternity is carrying out research studies in various known ailments
including dysmenorrhea and studying its effects on the general life activities
of women. It has been noted that the effects of dysmenorrhea transcend beyond
personal discomfort, to female participation in other sectors. The declining
participation of females in the educational sector and professional work
environments is largely being attributed to dysmenorrhea. Evidence suggests
that dysmenorrhea may also be a risk factor for other chronic pain conditions. Apart
from this, dysmenorrhea has also been identified to be in strong association
with other medical conditions. Dysmenorrhea has recently been recognized as the
main symptom of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich Syndrome (HWW), evident by a case
study. There is also obstruction mass or endometriosis associated with dysmenorrhea.
MRI with capability of tissue differentiation is the gold standard for
diagnosis. The primary purpose of surgery in this respect is to release the
obstruction and prevent further complications. Studies conducted, on the
prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its relationship with body mass index
(BMI), have revealed surprising findings. Pair wise comparison of dysmenorrhea
between different BMI groups showed a statistically significant difference in
the frequency of moderate and severe dysmenorrhea between under weight and
overweight subjects indicating that under weight females are at a higher risk
of having primary dysmenorrhea. Thus, this study indicates a greater prevalence
of moderate and severe dysmenorrhea in underweight as compared to overweight
females, whilst conducting further research on the pathophysiological
mechanisms responsible for this association.
Even
on an international level dysmenorrhea is being extensively studied. The
dysmenorrhea study conducted by the Department of Pharmacy of the College of
Health Sciences of Mekelle University in northern Ethiopia is one of the latest
researches that have shed light on dysmenorrhea. This was a cross sectional
institution based study that was conducted on Mekelle University health science
students. More than two-third of the students were found to be affected by this
ailment and it was noted that participants who had long menstrual cycle
interval, long menses flows, positive family history and who were alcohol
consumers were more likely to have dysmenorrhea. It was also concluded that
students feel depressed, have poor personal relationships and indulge in class
absenteeism. A study conducted in Jordon produced similar results. Various
other studies have approached the issue from different perspectives and have
raised conclusions in diverse aspects. A study conducted in Vietnam showed that
age at which menarche occurs and religion were associated as well whereas a
study conducted in Turkey revealed that dysmenorrhea was significantly higher
in coffee consumers and those who had a family history. An experimental study
conducted in Iran showed that regular physical activity significantly reduced
dysmenorrhea. Studies conducted in India support the findings that affected
females frequently miss classes and college. Studies have also been conducted
to understand the treatment measures adopted by those affected. The Ethiopian
students researched seem to rely on self medication. ibuprofen appears to be
popular among South-Indian subjects whereas paracetamol is widely used in
Taiwan and Ghana. According to Egyptian study fresh ginger appeared effective
in relieving menstrual pain.
Dysmenorrhea
is widely being researched both in India and on the international front. An
increasing number of studies from around the world are presenting different
views on the subject and its treatment with some factors, such as family
history, being globally recognized to increase susceptibility. The role
dysmenorrhea plays in the decreasing female educational participation is also being
widely recognized.
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