Cognitive impairment is not an illness, but a
condition of the body. The patient has trouble with memory or paying attention,
trouble speaking or understanding, difficulty in recognising people, places or
things, and might find new places or situations overwhelming. Cognitive
impairment patient is confused, agitated, or very moody. This situation can
come and go which is known as delirium. The cognitive impairment disorder can
be mild, or severe, or anything in between, temporary problem or a permanent condition.
The major causes of temporary cognitive impairment are infections, such as a
urinary tract infection or pneumonia, vitamin deficiency, dehydration, and
reactions to medications. Few causes of permanent cognitive impairment are
dementia, stroke and brain injury. Not every aged person will have cognitive
impairment; however, cognitive impairment is more common in older people. It
can be both genetic and acquired, and brain damage caused via accidents.
According to the study “Cognitive
Impairment Disorders Drug Development Pipeline Review, 2018”, if left
untreated, cognitive impairment disorder can worsen along with the possibility
of other mental problems; therefore, various treatment options and a wide range
of drugs are available. Globally, therapeutics or drugs for cognitive
impairment are still under development. The key players involved in therapeutic
or drug development for cognitive impairment are associated with schizophrenia
(CIAS), dementia, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.
Drugs for cognitive impairment disorders are
small molecules, due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and
their proven commercial success. Majority of products are neuromodulators,
impacting the dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic systems. There is
diversity within each drug in terms of molecule type and molecular targets.
Human central nervous system (CNS) is complex and highly sophisticated in
nature. Pathophysiology of cognitive impairment disorders is not well
understood in the medical sciences. Therefore, treatment options are limited,
and the available drugs in the market act by slowing the disease progression or
treating symptoms.
The various drugs still under development for
cognitive impairment disorders are above 800, respectively. The leading players
in the global cognitive impairment disorders drugs development are Eli Lilly
and Co., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, AB Science SA, AbbVie Inc,
Aucta Pharmaceuticals LLC, Avineuro Pharmaceuticals Inc, CereSpir Inc, CHA Bio
& Diostech Co Ltd, CohBar Inc, Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Cypralis
Ltd, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Daiichi Sankyo Co Ltd, Dongkook
Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co KG Arzneimittel, Echo
Pharmaceuticals BV, Eisai Co Ltd, Epigen Biosciences Inc, GlaxoSmithKline Plc,
Golden Biotechnology Corp, Grifols SA, ID Pharma Co Ltd, Immungenetics AG,
Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd, Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Merck & Co Inc,
Microlin Bio Inc, ModGene Pharma LLC, Octapharma AG, Oryzon Genomics SA, Otsuka
Holdings Co Ltd, Ovensa Inc, Prevacus Inc, ProMIS Neurosciences Inc, and
Voyager Therapeutics Inc.
It was observed that cognitive impairment
disorders will increase significantly over the next few years due to increase
in aging population. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop new drugs
that effectively treat symptoms and target the underlying mechanisms of
disease. The advanced technology in medical sciences is encouraging cognitive
impairment disorders drug development worldwide. With more players in this
category, more variants of drugs are introduced for the treatment of cognitive
impairment disorders. This trend will continue over the next few years due to
increasing instances of cognitive impairment disorders among all age groups.
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