Typhoid is a bacterial
infection that can lead to a high fever called Typhoid fever. It can also
include instances of diarrhea and vomiting. It is caused by the Salmonella Typhi
bacteria which gets deposited in food or water by human carriers and is then spread
to others. This contaminated water and food is the most common channel for the
spread of the infection.
According to the
study, ‘TYPHOID FEVER – PIPELINE REVIEW, H2 2018’,
if detected early enough then typhoid can be successfully treated with
antibiotics or else it can prove to be fatal as reported in one-fourth of the
cases. Typhoid fever has been found to be common in low income countries. This
fact further gains momentum by the results from various studies conducted on
the cases reported in the US which reveal that three-fourth of them start when
people travel internationally. Apart from the US, European countries also
report encountering typhoid mostly when they visited Asia and South America.
Countries such as Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are at the core of this
argument as most of these countries suffer from poor sanitation and lack of
access to clean drinking water. The risk of developing the infection is also
there in visiting Africa.
Antibiotics are used
to treat typhoid fever with the most common ones being ciprofloxacin and
ceftriaxone. As with a number of other bacterial diseases, there is currently
concern about the growing resistance of Salmonella Typhi against antibiotics.
This concern is a very valid one as it is not only impacting the choice of
drugs available to treat typhoid but also because this is not the first time
the bacteria has shown resistance. In recent years, for example, typhoid became
resistant air travel from Pakistan. Genomic comparison revealed that the person
was carrying the outbreak’s infections. The subject was isolated and has now
been treated. This study shows the typhoid strain causing the outbreak acquired
an additional piece of DNA to become resistant to multiple antibiotics,
including a third-generation antibiotic. The team also discovered that the
typhoid outbreak was caused by strain H58, a strain known to be associated with
multidrug resistance. When researchers looked further they discovered that the
strain of H58 had gained an extra strand of bacterial DNA that provided
additional antibiotic resistance genes.
Recent research
results published suggest that treatment options are running out for typhoid
fever and there is an urgent need for preventive strategies including vaccines.More
developed parts of the world such as Europe and the US report small number of
cases compared to the hubs such as South Asian nations particularly, as
demonstrated by Pakistan. Better hygienic conditions can greatly assist the
curing and treatment options available.
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